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The Science of Pain


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Published: 5.29.2017
Level 6   |   Time: 4:47
Accent: Canadian

TOEFL: A professor talks about the science of pain.

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You can download the file [ HERE ].

    

triangle Directions 목표 Direcciones Instruções


  1. READ the VOCABULARY

    It is important to read the vocabulary before you watch the video. This will improve your ability to understand the video. It will also help you understand how the new vocabulary is used naturally.

  2. WATCH the VIDEO

    The first time you watch the video, just try to understand the overall situation.

  3. ANSWER the QUESTIONS

    First try to answer all the questions from memory. Then rewatch the video and try to answer the questions that you missed.

  4. WATCH and READ the SCRIPT

    Watch the video again while you read the script. Reading and listening at the same time will help you hear each individual word and improve your listening accuracy.

  5. DO the ACTIVITIES

    There are several different activities that focus on test preparation, vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure.

  1. LEA el VOCABULARIO

    Es importante leer el vocabulario antes de ver el video. Esto mejorará su capacidad para comprender el video. También le ayudará a comprender cómo se usa el nuevo vocabulario de forma natural.

  2. VER el VIDEO

    La primera vez que vea el video, intente comprender la situación general.

  3. RESPONDE a las PREGUNTAS

    Primero intente responder todas las preguntas de memoria. Luego, vuelva a ver el video e intente responder las preguntas que se perdió.

  4. MIRAR Y LEER

    Mire el video nuevamente mientras lee el guión. Leer y escuchar al mismo tiempo lo ayudará a escuchar cada palabra individual y mejorará su precisión auditiva.

  5. HACER LAS ACTIVIDADES

    Hay una serie de actividades diferentes que se centran en la preparación de la examen, el vocabulario, la gramática y la estructura de las oraciones.

  1. 어휘 읽기

    비디오를 보기 전에 어휘와 배경을 읽는 것이 중요합니다. 이렇게 하면 비디오를 이해하는 능력이 향상됩니다. 또한 새로운 어휘가 어떻게 자연스럽게 사용되는지 이해하는데 도움이됩니다.

  2. 비디오 보기

    비디오를 처음 볼 때 전체 상황을 이해하려고 노력하세요.

  3. 문제에 답하기

    먼저 모든 질문에 답을 해보세요. 그런 다음 비디오를 다시보고 놓친 질문에 답해보세요.

  4. 비디오 보면서 대본 읽기

    대본을 읽는 동안 비디오를 다시 보세요. 읽기와 듣기를 동시에 하면 각각의 단어를 듣고, 듣기 정확도를 향상시킬 수 있습니다.

  5. 액티비티 하기

    듣기 정확도, 발음, 어휘, 문법 및 문장 구조에 초점을 맞춘 다양한 액티비티가 있습니다.

  1. LER o VOCABULÁRIO

    É importante ler o vocabulário antes de assistir ao vídeo. Isso melhorará sua capacidade de entender o vídeo. Também ajudará você a entender como o novo vocabulário é usado naturalmente.

  2. ASSISTA ao VÍDEO

    Na primeira vez que assistir ao vídeo, tente entender a situação geral.

  3. RESPONDA às PERGUNTAS

    Primeiro, tente responder a todas as perguntas de memória. Em seguida, assista novamente ao vídeo e tente responder às perguntas que você errou.

  4. ASSISTA e LEIA o SCRIPT

    Assista ao vídeo novamente enquanto lê o roteiro. Ler e ouvir ao mesmo tempo ajudará você a ouvir cada palavra individualmente e a melhorar sua precisão auditiva.

  5. FAÇA as ATIVIDADES

    Existem várias atividades diferentes que se concentram na preparação para o teste, vocabulário, gramática e estrutura de frases.

triangle Vocabulary 어휘 Vocabulário Vocabulario


  • ☐ ☐ ☐ sensation [n] - sense / feeling
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ drive-state [n] - a desire for something
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ subjective [adj] - opinion (not objective)
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ intrinsically [adv] - in an essential way
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ internal [adj] - inside the body or mind
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ photons [n] - a particle (piece) of light
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ corresponds [v] - is connected
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ inflammation [n] - swelling, heat or redness in a body part
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ perception [n] - the ability to hear, feel, see, smell or taste
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ needle-prick [n] - a poke from a needle
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ joint [n] - a connection point in the body (elbow, knee)
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ visceral organs [n] - internal organs (heart, lungs, liver)
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ analgesics [n] - drugs that reduce pain
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ variability [n] - change / variation
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ put up with [phv] - endure / withstand
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ genes [n] - the physical units of genetics
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ variation [n] - change
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ stimulus [n] - an event/action that makes a response
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ an astounding amount [adj] - a large (surprising) amount
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ thermal [adj] - related to heat
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ forearm [n] - the part of the arm between the hand and elbow
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ susceptibility [n] - being likely to be affected by something
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ opioids [n] - strong pain-killing drugs (like opium)
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ morphine [n] - a strong and addictive pain-killing drug
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ chronic pain [n] - long-term pain

[n] - noun,  [v] - verb, [phv] - phrasal verb,  [adj] - adjective,  [exp] - expression



triangle TOEFL Questions TOEFL 문제 Perguntas do TOEFL Preguntas de TOEFL


  1. What is the discussion mainly about?
    (A) How people can cope with pain
    (B) The factors influencing people's experience with pain
    (C) The most recent scientific discoveries related to pain medication
    (D) The differences between pain and light

  2. Why does the professor compare pain to light?
    (A) Pain has many different properties.
    (B) Pain is difficult to measure.
    (C) Pain travels quickly through your body.
    (C) Pain and light are both caused by photons.

  3. Why is pain a drive-state?
    (A) It can make people feel hungry or thirsty.
    (B) It lasts for a long time.
    (C) It is related to hunger.
    (D) It forces people to respond to it.

  4. What difference does the professor imply between vision and pain?
    (A) Vision requires more energy.
    (B) Pain is more important.
    (C) Pain is more difficult to measure.
    (D) Sensitivity to pain is mainly genetic.

  5. What does the speaker mean whren he says this?

    (A) Pain ranges from mild to severe.
    (B) Pain usually doesn't last long.
    (C) Back pain is the most serious type of pain.
    (D) Pain is mainly caused by other people.

  6. The professor suggests that...
    (A) there are many different types of pain.
    (B) pain to the skin is more common than pain to joints.
    (C) all pain has a similar biological basis.
    (D) people can control the ability to deal with pain.

  7. According to the professor, which factors influencDe how a person experiences pain? [Choose three answeres.]
    (A) genetics
    (B) past experience with pain
    (C) whether you are a twin
    (D) sex & gender
    (E) drug addiction

  8. What does the speaker mean when he says this?

    (A) People often exaggerate their pain.
    (B) People respond to the same pain stimulus very differenty.
    (C) Some types of pain are harder to measure than others.
    (D) Most people are very sensitive to pain.

  9. Having a lot of expereince with pain...
    (A) makes you more sensitive to pain.
    (B) makes you less sensitive to pain.
    (C) has no effect on your sensitivity to pain.
    (D) made people less likely to participate in the experience.

  10. What does the professor mean when he says this?

    (A) Women often argue about their pain experience.
    (B) Most people guess that men are more sensitive to pain than women.
    (C) Women are becoming more sensitve to pain.
    (D) Women and men are equally sensitive to pain.

  11. According to the professor, women...
    (A) are more sensitive to pain than men.
    (B) use more pain medication than men.
    (C) are more likely to have chronic pain.
    (D) tend to hide their pain.



triangle Sentence Building (Summary) 문장 만들기 Construção de sentença Construcción de oraciones [ ? ]

Summary

This activity is designed to improve sentence accuracy and complexity. Most students can produce the key content words in a sentence. However, they have difficulty with accuracy because the functional words are difficult or can seem unimportant. This activity will help learners eliminate problems with these functional words by giving them immediate feedback on the mistakes they are making. It will also help students develop their use of more natural, varied and complex sentence structures.

TIP: Say the sentence out loud. Notice the types of mistake you make often. Focus on those types of errors. (singular/plural, subject-verb agreement, article use, prepositions, gerunds and infinitives, noun clauses, adjective clauses, word order, and word forms.)

Resumen

Esta actividad está diseñada para mejorar la precisión y complejidad de las oraciones. La mayoría de los estudiantes pueden producir las palabras clave del contenido en una oración. Sin embargo, tienen dificultades con la precisión porque las palabras funcionales son difíciles o pueden parecer poco importantes. Esta actividad ayudará a los alumnos a eliminar problemas con estas palabras funcionales al brindarles retroalimentación inmediata sobre los errores que están cometiendo. También ayudará a los estudiantes a desarrollar su uso de estructuras de oraciones más naturales, variadas y complejas.

CONSEJO: Diga la oración en voz alta. Observe los tipos de errores que comete con frecuencia. Concéntrese en ese tipo de errores. (singular / plural, concordancia entre sujeto y verbo, uso del artículo, preposiciones, gerundios e infinitivos, cláusulas sustantivas, cláusulas adjetivas, orden de las palabras y formas de las palabras).

요약

이 액티비티는 문장의 정확성과 복잡성을 개선하기 위해 고안되었습니다. 대부분의 학생들은 문장에서 핵심 내용 단어를 생성 할 수 있습니다. 그러나 기능적 단어가 어렵거나 중요하지 않은 것처럼 보일 수 있기 때문에 정확성에 어려움이 있습니다. 이 액티비티는 학습자가 실수에 대한 즉각적인 피드백을 제공함으로써 이러한 기능적 단어의 문제를 제거하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 또한 학생들이 보다 자연스럽고 다양하며 복잡한 문장 구조를 사용하는 데 도움이 됩니다.

팁 : 문장을 크게 말하세요. 자주 저지르는 실수 유형과, 이러한 유형의 오류에 집중하세요. (단수 / 복수, 주어-동사 일치, 관사 사용, 전치사, 동명사 및 부정사, 명사절, 형용사절, 어순 및 단어 형태)

Resumo

Esta atividade foi desenvolvida para melhorar a precisão e a complexidade das frases. A maioria dos alunos pode produzir as palavras-chave do conteúdo em uma frase. No entanto, eles têm dificuldade com precisão porque as palavras funcionais são difíceis ou podem parecer sem importância. Esta atividade ajudará os alunos a eliminar problemas com essas palavras funcionais, dando-lhes feedback imediato sobre os erros que estão cometendo. Também ajudará os alunos a desenvolver o uso de estruturas de sentenças mais naturais, variadas e complexas.

DICA: Diga a frase em voz alta. Observe os tipos de erro que você comete com frequência. Concentre-se nesses tipos de erros. (singular/plural, concordância sujeito-verbo, uso de artigos, preposições, gerúndios e infinitivos, cláusulas substantivas, cláusulas adjetivas, ordem das palavras e formas das palavras.)


Directions: Write sentences about the video clip using the words given. You can change the word form or add words, but you cannot change the word order.


Sentence 1

Pain / like / light / because / it / many / thing / same / time


Pain is like light because it is many things at the same time.



Sentence 2

drive-state / something / demand / you / carry / action


A drive-state is something that demands (that) you carry out an action.



Sentence 3

unlike / light / pain / complete / subjective


Unlike light, pain is completley subjective.



Sentence 4

Pain / can / classify / many / different / way


Pain can be classified in many different ways.



Sentence 5

while / some / people / very / sensitve / pain / other / people / can / put / lot / pain


While some people are very sensitve to pain, other people can put up with a lot of pain.



Sentence 6

by / study / twin / scientist / discover / pain / sensitivity / almost / 50% / genetic


By studying twins, scientists have discovered (that) pain sensitivity is almost 50% genetic.



Sentence 7

there / astound / amount / variation / way / different / people / report / pain


There is an astounding amount of variation in the way (that) different people report pain.



Sentence 8

genetic / can / influence / people / sensitivity / pain / and / reaction / pain / medication


Genetics can influence people's sensitivity to pain and reaction to pain medication.



Sentence 9

each / time / you / injury / you / become / sensitive / pain


Each time you have an injury, you become more sensitive to pain.
Each time you [get/are] injured, you become more sensitive to pain.



Sentence 10

women / tend / sensitive / pain / men


Women tend to be more sensitive to pain than men (do).



triangle Discussion 논의 Questões de discussão Discusión


  1. Did anything from this discussion surprise you?
  2. The speaker compares light to pain. How are they similar? How are they different?
  3. Do you think you have high or low pain tolerance? Can you give some evidence or examples?
  4. When you feel extreme pain, how do you usually react? (Cry? Scream? Swear? Laugh? Grin and bear it ([be silent]?)
  5. What is the most painful experience that you have had in your life? What pain score would you give it (from 1 to 100)?
  6. How do you usually deal with pain? What types of pain do you treat yourself? What types of pain make you consult a doctor?
  7. What is the most painful thing you can imagine?

triangle Script 대본 Roteiro Texto


We'll look at how from a scientific perspective doctors are still trying to understand the complexities, even mysteries, of how we feel pain. So to talk about the scientific understanding of pain I'm joined by Dr. Jeff mogul. Dr. Mogul welcome to the program.

Thanks very much for having me.

Now this seems like a strange question but what exactly is pain?

Pain is a strange thing. It's sort of like lights which we learned a long time ago was two things at the same time. Pain is at least two things at the same time. It's a sensation - sort of like vision or hearing or touch, but it's also an emotion - like fear or anger. And it's also a third thing at the same time it's a drive state - like hunger or thirst. It's something that demands that you carry out an action.

So why is it so hard then to measure a person's pain?

I think the problem ultimately is that it's completely subjective. It's sort of intrinsically internal to the person in a way that vision and hearing are not. So with vision, there's energy out in the environment. There are photons, and you can measure how many photons there are hitting your eye. And usually the brightness corresponds very very well to the number of photons. But with pain it doesn't work like that at all. There are energies in the environment. There's pressure and there's heat and there's inflammation. But they don't correlate very well at all with the experience, the perception, that people have of pain and pain comes in different forms.

I mean you can have a needle prick and the end of your finger, but you could also have something like back pain or something really serious.

Exactly. You can divide pain up. You can split it into any number of different categories, and when you do so the biological basis completely changes. So there's no heat pain versus mechanical pain. And they're short lasting pain compared to long lasting pain. And there's pain to the skin compared to pain to the muscle compared to pain to the joints compared to pain to the visceral organs. And there's pretty good evidence that all of these things are very very different.

Why does there seem to be such a variability between the way people report pain? I mean somebody might complain a lot about some little thing and other people seem to be able to put up with a lot of pain.

Yeah, this is something that I've been studying practically my whole career. They've done twin studies and I can tell you that almost half the answer is genes. And a little bit more than half the answer are other environmental factors, probably the most important of which being how much pain experience have you had in your life before that.

How much of a variation could there be between one person and another given the same pain stimulus?

Oh an astounding amount of variation. So they've done studies like this. They once took 500 people in Bethesda, Maryland, and they gave them all the exact same thermal stimulus to their forearm and asked them to rate that on a scale from zero to 100. There were a few people at the low end that said that was about a four or a five out of 100. And then there were people at the high end that said it was a 95 or 96 of a hundred and every rating in between. So as much variability as you can imagine, we can demonstrate.

Now you mentioned genetics of pain. How is that influencing how we experience it?

Well on the one hand it's a large part of the answer. We know there are genes that influence pain sensitivity and susceptibility to developing chronic pain disorders and how well people respond to analgesics including the opioids like morphine.

So you're saying that some people are actually more sensitive to pain than others because of their genetics.

Oh 100 percent. It's just that I can't tell you which genes.

You also mentioned experience with pain. How does that come into it.

Yeah it turns out that one of the biggest risk factors for chronic pain and how long it\s going to last and how big a problem you're going to have with it is whether you've ever had pain before. And why that is no one really knows. The system is probably sensitized, and each time you have an injury or some sort of insult that causes pain, it appears to make things a little bit worse than it was before.

Okay so other than genetics and your experience with pain from the past, what other factors might influence how we experience pain?

Well the big one is sex and gender, and it is known that women, and this is contrary to what most people guess, but women are in fact more sensitive to pain. They represent the clear majority of pain patients.

Dr. Mogel, thank you very much.

My pleasure.

Dr. Geoff Mogel is a professor in the Department of Psychology and Canada Research Chair in the genetics of pain at McGill University in Montreal.