Learn English with The Ezra Klein Show

Check the words you already know. Marca las palabras que ya conoces. Marque as palavras que você já conhece. 이미 아는 단어에 체크하세요. Позначте слова, які ви вже знаєте.

• ☐ ☐ ☐ anxiety n. - nervousness, fear
• ☐ ☐ ☐ factors n. - causes
• ☐ ☐ ☐ determinants n. - causes
• ☐ ☐ ☐ put it exp. - say
• ☐ ☐ ☐ savannas n. - grasslands
• ☐ ☐ ☐ band together exp. - form groups or tribes
• ☐ ☐ ☐ a tribe n. - a cooperative group
• ☐ ☐ ☐ an instinct n. - a natural tendency
• ☐ ☐ ☐ a hive n. - a bee's home
• ☐ ☐ ☐ disband v. - separate
• ☐ ☐ ☐ a crisis n. - a big problem
• ☐ ☐ ☐ unprecedentedly adv. - the most ever
• ☐ ☐ ☐ be bought in exp. - believe
• ☐ ☐ ☐ ring in my head exp. - be important or memorable to me
• ☐ ☐ ☐ slightly adv. - a little
• ☐ ☐ ☐ rouse v. - wake up
• ☐ ☐ ☐ vigilant adj. - awake and watchful
• ☐ ☐ ☐ a thesis n. - a theory
• ☐ ☐ ☐ a proxy n. - a replacement, substitution
• ☐ ☐ ☐ off the grid exp. - away from modern society
• ☐ ☐ ☐ the Hutterites n. - a communal group of humans in the US who live without modern technology
• ☐ ☐ ☐ virtually adv. - almost
• ☐ ☐ ☐ inevitable adj. - unavoidable
• ☐ ☐ ☐ malady n. - illness, sickness

n. - noun,    v. - verb,    phv. - phrasal verb,    adj. - adjective,    exp. - expression

---

1. How many (known) biological causes are there for depression?
   two
   seven
   nine
   
   
2. How many (known) environmental causes are there for depression?
   two
   seven
   nine
   
   
3. Which type of cause is loneliness?
   biological
   environmental
   
   
4. What were our ancestors very good at?
   hunting
   working together
   avoiding depression
   
   
5. How are modern humans unique?
   They have trouble sleeping.
   They are trying to disband their tribes.
   They don't live in the savannahs anymore.
   
   
6. How many close friends did most Americans say they had in the past?
   zero
   five
   nine
   
   
7. How many close friends do many Americans say they have today?
   zero
   five
   nine
   
   
8. Why did our ancestors feel anxious and depressed when they were alone?
   They were in danger.
   They were very social.
   They couldn't find food.
   
   
9. How can scientists measure people's loneliness?
   By counting how many close friends people have
   By counting how often people wake up at night
   By counting how much time people spend alone
   
   
10. What is a micro-awakening?
    A realization that we are not alone
    Waking up a little while sleeping
    A machine that measures sleep patterns
    
    
11. When would our ancestors experience micro-awakenings?
    When they were depressed
    When they were with a lot of people
    When they were not with their tribe
    
    
12. What type of people experience the most micro-awakenings?
    Lonely people
    Happy people
    Friendly people
    
    
13. What is unique about the Hutterites?
    They don't use electricity.
    They can't read.
    They experience a lot of micro-awakenings.
    They experience almost no micro-awakenings.
    
    

Score:

---

1. What is the discussion mainly about?
   (A) The evolution of human sleep patterns
   (B) The importance of being in a cooperative tribe or group
   (C) The difference between animal groups and human tribes
   (D) Ways to improve sleep quality
   
   
2. Which of these statements is not mentioned by the speakers?
   (A) Loneliness is one of the most important causes of depression.
   (B) There are more biological than environmental factors causing depression.
   (C) Modern humans seem to be separating from their tribes.
   (D) Ancient humans were good at working together.
   
   
3. Why does the man talk about our human ancestors?
   (A) To show how much our society has advanced
   (B) To talk about why our human ancestors were so depressed
   (C) To show how our human ancestors were able to hunt larger animals
   (D) To show the importance of cooperation for human evolution
   
   
4. What does the man mean when he says this?
   
   (A) All animals need to be in groups.
   (B) Both humans and bees prefer to live in cooperative groups.
   (C) Bees are much more collaborative than humans.
   (D) Humans are much more collaborative than bees.
   
   
5. What does the man mean when he says this?
   
   (A) Modern humans have fewer close friends than in the past.
   (B) Most modern humans don't have any friends.
   (C) It is more important for modern humans to have a tribe.
   (D) Humans in the past were less likely to have close friends.
   
   
6. What causes high levels of micro-awakenings?
   (A) Being in large groups
   (B) Poor diet
   (C) Being injured
   (D) Loneliness
   
   
7. Why were our solitary human ancestors more likely to wake up during the night?
   (A) They didn't have a group to protect them.
   (B) They were more likely to be hungry.
   (C) They didn't have electricity.
   (D) They didn't have someone to talk to.
   
   
8. Why does the man talk about the Hutterites?
   (A) To show how being in a tribe improves sleep quality
   (B) To show how modern technology harms sleep quality
   (C) To explain why ancient humans felt lonely
   (D) To urge people to copy their social structure
   
   

Score:

---

Directions: Write sentences about the video clip using the words given. You can change the word form or add words, but you cannot change the word order.
( ) = optional   [ ] = necessary

Instrucciones: Escriba oraciones sobre el videoclip usando las palabras dadas. Puede cambiar la forma de la palabra o agregar palabras, pero no puede cambiar el orden de las palabras.

Instruções:: Escreva orações sobre o videoclipe usando as palavras-chave. Você pode alterar a forma da palavra ou adicionar palavras, mas não pode alterar a ordem das palavras.

지시 : 주어진 단어를 사용하여 비디오 클립에 대한 문장을 씁니다. 어형을 변경하거나 단어를 추가할 수 있지만 어순은 변경할 수 없습니다.

Інструкції: Напишіть речення про відеокліп, використовуючи подані слова. Ви можете змінювати форму слова або додавати слова, але не можете змінювати порядок слів.

there / science / evidence / nine / cause / depression / anxiety

There is scientific evidence for nine causes of depression and anxiety.

two / those / factor / biology / and / seven / related / lifestyle

Two of those factors are biological, and seven are related to lifestyle.

some / but / not / all / those / factor / increase

Some, but not all, of those factors have increased.

our / ancient / ancestor / good / band / together / cooperate / tribe

Our ancient ancestors were good at banding together in cooperative tribes.

our / ancestor / successful / because / they / much / better / work / together / than / large / animal / they / hunt

Our ancestors were successful because they were much better at working together than the large(r) animals (that) they hunted.

recent / study / many / people / say / they / have / no / one / they / could / call / crisis

In a recent study, many people said (that) they had no one (that) they could call in a crisis.

when / our / ancestor / isolate / tribe / they / likely / depressed / because / they / mortal / danger

When our ancestors were isolated from their tribe(s), they were likely depressed because they were in mortal danger.

Lonesomeness / can / measure / by / test / how / often / people / wake / their / sleep

Lonesomeness can be measured by testing how often people wake up in their sleep.

people / lonely / experience / high / level / micro-awakening

People [who/that] are lonely experience high levels of micro-awakenings.

our / ancestor / have / no / tribe / likely / experience / numerous / micro-awakening

Our ancestors [who/that] had no tribe likely experienced numerous micro-awakenings.

Hutterites / who / live / off / grid / experience / virtual / no / micro-awakening / their / sleep

The Hutterites, who live off the grid, experience virtually no micro-awakenings in their sleep.

1. Explain why our hunter-gather ancestors might have experienced micro-awakenings if they didn't have a tribe.
2. Do you have a tribe? How many people are in it?
3. How many people can you call and depend on in a crisis?
4. How many hours per week do you spend with people (socializing or working together)?
5. How many hours per week do you spend awake and alone?
6. Do you consider time spent talking online (Zoom or Teams) as time alone or a social situation?
7. Do you think you experience many micro-awakenings while you sleep? If so, do you think it is related to loneliness and depression?