TOEFL: A professor talks about the evolution of three different types of dog intelligence.
You can download the file [ HERE ].
It is important to read the vocabulary before you watch the video. This will improve your ability to understand the video. It will also help you understand how the new vocabulary is used naturally.
The first time you watch the video, just try to understand the overall situation.
First try to answer all the questions from memory. Then rewatch the video and try to answer the questions that you missed.
Watch the video again while you read the script. Reading and listening at the same time will help you hear each individual word and improve your listening accuracy.
There are several different activities that focus on test preparation, vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure.
Es importante leer el vocabulario antes de ver el video. Esto mejorará su capacidad para comprender el video. También le ayudará a comprender cómo se usa el nuevo vocabulario de forma natural.
La primera vez que vea el video, intente comprender la situación general.
Primero intente responder todas las preguntas de memoria. Luego, vuelva a ver el video e intente responder las preguntas que se perdió.
Mire el video nuevamente mientras lee el guión. Leer y escuchar al mismo tiempo lo ayudará a escuchar cada palabra individual y mejorará su precisión auditiva.
Hay una serie de actividades diferentes que se centran en la preparación de la examen, el vocabulario, la gramática y la estructura de las oraciones.
비디오를 보기 전에 어휘와 배경을 읽는 것이 중요합니다. 이렇게 하면 비디오를 이해하는 능력이 향상됩니다. 또한 새로운 어휘가 어떻게 자연스럽게 사용되는지 이해하는데 도움이됩니다.
비디오를 처음 볼 때 전체 상황을 이해하려고 노력하세요.
먼저 모든 질문에 답을 해보세요. 그런 다음 비디오를 다시보고 놓친 질문에 답해보세요.
대본을 읽는 동안 비디오를 다시 보세요. 읽기와 듣기를 동시에 하면 각각의 단어를 듣고, 듣기 정확도를 향상시킬 수 있습니다.
듣기 정확도, 발음, 어휘, 문법 및 문장 구조에 초점을 맞춘 다양한 액티비티가 있습니다.
É importante ler o vocabulário antes de assistir ao vídeo. Isso melhorará sua capacidade de entender o vídeo. Também ajudará você a entender como o novo vocabulário é usado naturalmente.
Na primeira vez que assistir ao vídeo, tente entender a situação geral.
Primeiro, tente responder a todas as perguntas de memória. Em seguida, assista novamente ao vídeo e tente responder às perguntas que você errou.
Assista ao vídeo novamente enquanto lê o roteiro. Ler e ouvir ao mesmo tempo ajudará você a ouvir cada palavra individualmente e a melhorar sua precisão auditiva.
Existem várias atividades diferentes que se concentram na preparação para o teste, vocabulário, gramática e estrutura de frases.
[n] - noun, [v] - verb, [phv] - phrasal verb, [adj] - adjective, [exp] - expression
Summary
This activity is designed to improve sentence accuracy and complexity. Most students can produce the key content words in a sentence. However, they have difficulty with accuracy because the functional words are difficult or can seem unimportant. This activity will help learners eliminate problems with these functional words by giving them immediate feedback on the mistakes they are making. It will also help students develop their use of more natural, varied and complex sentence structures.
TIP: Say the sentence out loud. Notice the types of mistake you make often. Focus on those types of errors. (singular/plural, subject-verb agreement, article use, prepositions, gerunds and infinitives, noun clauses, adjective clauses, word order, and word forms.)
Resumen
Esta actividad está diseñada para mejorar la precisión y complejidad de las oraciones. La mayoría de los estudiantes pueden producir las palabras clave del contenido en una oración. Sin embargo, tienen dificultades con la precisión porque las palabras funcionales son difíciles o pueden parecer poco importantes. Esta actividad ayudará a los alumnos a eliminar problemas con estas palabras funcionales al brindarles retroalimentación inmediata sobre los errores que están cometiendo. También ayudará a los estudiantes a desarrollar su uso de estructuras de oraciones más naturales, variadas y complejas.
CONSEJO: Diga la oración en voz alta. Observe los tipos de errores que comete con frecuencia. Concéntrese en ese tipo de errores. (singular / plural, concordancia entre sujeto y verbo, uso del artículo, preposiciones, gerundios e infinitivos, cláusulas sustantivas, cláusulas adjetivas, orden de las palabras y formas de las palabras).
요약
이 액티비티는 문장의 정확성과 복잡성을 개선하기 위해 고안되었습니다. 대부분의 학생들은 문장에서 핵심 내용 단어를 생성 할 수 있습니다. 그러나 기능적 단어가 어렵거나 중요하지 않은 것처럼 보일 수 있기 때문에 정확성에 어려움이 있습니다. 이 액티비티는 학습자가 실수에 대한 즉각적인 피드백을 제공함으로써 이러한 기능적 단어의 문제를 제거하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 또한 학생들이 보다 자연스럽고 다양하며 복잡한 문장 구조를 사용하는 데 도움이 됩니다.
팁 : 문장을 크게 말하세요. 자주 저지르는 실수 유형과, 이러한 유형의 오류에 집중하세요. (단수 / 복수, 주어-동사 일치, 관사 사용, 전치사, 동명사 및 부정사, 명사절, 형용사절, 어순 및 단어 형태)
Resumo
Esta atividade foi desenvolvida para melhorar a precisão e a complexidade das frases. A maioria dos alunos pode produzir as palavras-chave do conteúdo em uma frase. No entanto, eles têm dificuldade com precisão porque as palavras funcionais são difíceis ou podem parecer sem importância. Esta atividade ajudará os alunos a eliminar problemas com essas palavras funcionais, dando-lhes feedback imediato sobre os erros que estão cometendo. Também ajudará os alunos a desenvolver o uso de estruturas de sentenças mais naturais, variadas e complexas.
DICA: Diga a frase em voz alta. Observe os tipos de erro que você comete com frequência. Concentre-se nesses tipos de erros. (singular/plural, concordância sujeito-verbo, uso de artigos, preposições, gerúndios e infinitivos, cláusulas substantivas, cláusulas adjetivas, ordem das palavras e formas das palavras.)
Directions: Write sentences about the video clip using the words given. You can change the word form or add words, but you cannot change the word order.
Instrucciones: Escriba oraciones sobre el videoclip usando las palabras dadas. Puede cambiar la forma de la palabra o agregar palabras, pero no puede cambiar el orden de las palabras.
Instrucciones: Escreva orações sobre o videoclipe usando as palavras-chave. Você pode alterar a forma da palavra ou adicionar palavras, mas não pode alterar a ordem das palavras.
지시 : 주어진 단어를 사용하여 비디오 클립에 대한 문장을 씁니다. 어형을 변경하거나 단어를 추가할 수 있지만 어순은 변경할 수 없습니다.
all / dog / rough / equivalent / level / intelligence
All dogs have roughly an equivalent level of intelligence.
Instinctive intelligence / what / dog / breed / do
Instinctive intelligence is what a dog is bred to do.
Adaptive intelligence / what / dog / can / teach / self / do
Adaptive intelligence is what a dog can teach itself to do.
Working and obedience intelligence / what / dog / can / teach / do / human
Working and obedience intelligence is what a dog can be taught to do by humans.
people / tend / most / interest / dog / working and obedience intelligence
People tend to be most interested in dogs' working and obedience intelligence.
People tend to have the most interest in dogs' working and obedience intelligence.
hound / which / oldest / dog / breed / not / learn / well
Hounds, which are the oldest dog breed, don't learn well.
retreiver / fairly / recent / breed / able / learn / well
Retreivers, which are a fairly recent breed, are able to learn well.
human / selective / breed / dog / least / 14 000 / year
Humans have been selectively breeding dogs for at least 14 000 years.
if / you / point / something / dog / look / where / you / point
If you point at something, a dog will look where you point.
if / you / point / something / wolf / look / hand
If you point at something, a wolf will look at your hand.
Human / breed / dog / respond / signal / mood
Humans have been breeding dogs to respond to our signals and (our) moods.
Humans have bred dogs to respond to our signals and (our) moods.
So given what we've learned about the dog's evolutionary history, how might your dog's genetics play into its intelligence and behavior? Here to tell us a bit about
that is Dr. Stanley Koren. Dr. Koren welcome to Quirks & Quarks.
Glad to be here.
Well when you saw this sort of genetic mapping that was happening, what went through your mind about how that relates to the intelligence of dogs?
Well in fact if you look at some of the clades, and a clade is just a group of different dogs or species which are related genetically. you'll find that they cluster
together. And you tend to get dogs which are all roughly equivalent in terms of their overall intelligence.
Now you got to remember there's three kinds of canine intelligence. One is instinctive intelligence which is what the dog was bred to do, so herding dogs herd, and guarding
dogs guard, and retrievers retrieve that sort of thing. The next is adaptive intelligence that's what a dog can learn to do for himself. And the other form is what we call
working and obedience intelligence, which is the equivalent of school learning.
So if you look at that working in obedience intelligence, because that tends to be what the average person is most interested in, you tend to find out that certain dogs and
certain groups of dogs which have particular characteristics tend not to do so well, and others tend to do very well. So the oldest of the dog breeds or the hounds. And the
hounds were meant to be sort of independent hunters. And their job was to run that prey down without very much guidance from human beings. Well that makes them lousy students.
On the other hand the retrievers, which are rather late inventions, were designed to sort of sit in a blind and wait for queue. You know don't scare the ducks, don't scare the
game, and sit quietly, pay attention to me and I'll tell you when you have to run out retrieve this. And so those dogs make wonderful students because essentially we've bred
attentiveness into them. And when you look at the clades, you tend to find these sort of clusters, so it's quite beautiful in that way.
So what is it about dogs that makes them so malleable? That we humans are able to shape them to our own liking almost?
We've been selectively doing this seat of the pants kind of behavior genetics for dogs for at least 14000 years. It was the first domesticated species. So we were building
something which would be a co-worker with us, but you know we also wanted something which would interact with the kids and that sort of thing. And so we began to build these dogs
so that not only did they respond to us but they began to read us and we could begin to read them. So take a very simple task. If I point to something my dog recognizes that that
is a communication signal and he looks in that direction. But if I do that for a wolf, even if that Wolf has been reared since puppyhood in a human surrounding, the wolf doesn't
look in the direction I point, but he looks at my hand. So one of the things which we've been doing is we have been breeding dogs and selecting them so that they respond to us, o
ur signals, and our moods. And the flip side is that we've been breeding dogs so that we can read their moods and what they are feeling at a particular time. That builds your
companion. If you're sharing in this sort of empathetic way, it's no longer you know just an animal, it's a friend not record.
Thank you very much for your time.
Thanks for having me.
Dr. Stanly Koran is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Psychology at the University of British Columbia. And if you want to see Dr. Koren’s ranking of canine working and obedience intelligence go to CBC.ca/quirks.