TOEFL 2026 Listening

• ☐ ☐ ☐ the lithosphere [n] - the rigid outer shell of the Earth, made up of the crust and upper mantle
• ☐ ☐ ☐ tectonic [adj] - relating to the structure and movement of the Earth's crust
• ☐ ☐ ☐ molten [adj] - melted by heat; in a liquid state
• ☐ ☐ ☐ the mantle [n] - the layer of semi-liquid rock beneath the Earth's crust
• ☐ ☐ ☐ divergent [adj] - moving apart or in different directions
• ☐ ☐ ☐ a ridge [n] - a long, raised area of land or rock
• ☐ ☐ ☐ convergent [adj] - coming together or meeting at a point
• ☐ ☐ ☐ collide [v] - hit something with force
• ☐ ☐ ☐ distribution [n] - the way something is spread or arranged
• ☐ ☐ ☐ subduction [n] - the process where one tectonic plate is pushed under another
• ☐ ☐ ☐ dense [adj] - heavy, having a lot of material
• ☐ ☐ ☐ a trench [n] - a long, deep, narrow hole in the ground (or ocean floor)
• ☐ ☐ ☐ buckle [v] - bend or fold under pressure
• ☐ ☐ ☐ lateral [adj] - relating to the side
• ☐ ☐ ☐ a geological hazard [n] - a natural event (an earthquake, a volcanic eruption) that is dangerous
  
  
• ☐ ☐ ☐ be conducted [exp] - be carried out; be done
• ☐ ☐ ☐ productivity [n] - the rate at which work is completed
• ☐ ☐ ☐ regardless of [exp] - without being affected by
• ☐ ☐ ☐ a phenomenon [n] - something that happens, often unusual or interesting
• ☐ ☐ ☐ fundamental [adj] - basic and most important
• ☐ ☐ ☐ distort [v] - change something so that it is no longer accurate or true
• ☐ ☐ ☐ administer [v] - give or apply (a test, a treatment)
• ☐ ☐ ☐ a placebo [n] - a harmless substance given instead of real medicine, used in research
• ☐ ☐ ☐ a gold standard [n] - the best or most reliable method available
• ☐ ☐ ☐ rigorous [adj] - extremely thorough and careful
• ☐ ☐ ☐ methodology [n] - a system of methods used in a particular field of study
• ☐ ☐ ☐ minimize [v] - reduce something to the smallest possible amount
• ☐ ☐ ☐ be worth noting [exp] - be important

[n] - noun,  [v] - verb,  [phv] - phrasal verb,  [adj] - adjective,  [exp] - expression

Score:

Directions: What expressions from the video have the same meaning as the highlighted expressions in the sentences below?

Instrucciones: ¿Qué expresiones del video tienen el mismo significado que las expresiones destacadas en las oraciones siguientes?

Instruções: Quais expressões do vídeo têm o mesmo significado que as expressões destacadas nas frases abaixo?

지시 사항: 아래 문장에서 강조된 표현과 같은 의미를 가진 표현을 영상에서 찾아보세요.

1. They float on a layer of [ partly liquid ] rock known as the mantle.

   [ semi-molten ]

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2. At [ moving away ] boundaries, plates move apart.

   [ divergent ]

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3. At [ moving toward ] boundaries, plates [ hit each other ].

   [ convergent ] [ collide ]

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4. The [ heavier per unit ] oceanic plate is forced underneath in a process called [ sinking, downward movement ].

   [ denser ] [ subduction ]

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5. This can form deep ocean [ deep channels ] and volcanic mountain ranges.

   [ trenches ]

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6. The Himalayas formed when two continental plates collided, so the crust [ bent, folded ] upward.

   [ buckled ]

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7. This [ sideways ] movement builds up enormous stress.

   [ lateral ]

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8. In the 1920s and 1930s, a series of studies [ were carried out ] at the Hawthorne Works.

   [ were conducted ]

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9. Productivity improved almost [ despite ] what changes were made.

   [ regardless of ]

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10. The act of observing people can itself change their behavior, potentially [ misrepresenting, altering ] the results of a study.

    [ distorting ]

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11. This is one reason why double-blind experimental designs are considered [ the top standard, the benchmark ] in medical research.

    [ the gold standard ]

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12. Neither the participants nor the researchers [ applying ] the treatment know who is receiving the real treatment.

    [ administering ]

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13. It [ should be mentioned ] that some later researchers have questioned the original Hawthorne studies.

    [ is worth noting ]

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14. Awareness of observation effects is considered essential in designing [ thorough, careful ] research across many fields.

    [ rigorous ]

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